Research & Publications

Review of the South Coast AQMD Warehouse Indirect Source Rule

Ramboll's updated review of the WAIRE Program (South Coast AQMD Rule 2305), assessing whether the warehouse Indirect Source Rule delivers real, incremental emission reductions, and what it costs.

Updates and expands the study first released June 23, 2025.

Warehouse ISR Review — Study Summary (2026)

Slide summary of the 2026 Ramboll review: how the WAIRE Program works, which facilities it covers, and the study's findings on emissions and cost.

Warehouse ISR Review — Fact Sheet (2026)

Two-page fact sheet on the 2026 Ramboll review of the WAIRE Program.

Findings of the Ramboll Study on WAIRE and Indirect Source Rules

Plain-language fact sheet on what the Ramboll study found: emission reductions predate the WAIRE Program, the claimed benefits are largely attributable to existing state programs, the EPA declined to award WAIRE emission-reduction credits, and compliance costs run three to nine times initial estimates.

Summarises the findings of the June 2025 study for a general audience.

Review of the South Coast AQMD Indirect Source Rule on Warehouses

The original Ramboll study commissioned by the Supply Chain Federation, finding that reported NOx and diesel particulate reductions are largely attributable to existing statewide vehicle and fuel regulations rather than to the WAIRE Program itself.

Superseded by the 2026 update; kept available as the study of record for June 2025.

Warehouse Indirect Source Rules — Study Summary (2025)

Slide summary of the original June 2025 Ramboll study, including the finding that the WAIRE Program did not generate creditable emission reductions.